Hernia
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Beyond that, it separates parts of our body to where they belong. This prevents one section from impeding on the function or health of another. Sadly, this doesn’t always stick. The walls which encase these cavities sometimes become weak. When this occurs, they can wear away and break. The weakened tissue can also be a result of prior surgery or a general birth defect. [RELATED] This occurrence can happen in many ways, defined by what's protruding and what's burst. The definition of a Richter hernia is the instance when the antimesenteric wall of the intestines breaks through the abdominal wall. This is the portion of the small intestine lying opposite of the mesenteric borders.What’s so special about this?
This significantly separates this condition from other abdominal hernias as the intestinal casing only partially protrudes. This keeps it incompletely both sticking out of the wall and in the peritoneal cavity. Considering it is only partly defective, some might mishear this as a bonus and beneficial attribute. In reality, it's a rare type of hernia that's accompanied by complications. It creates a cloud of confusion and secrecy surrounding it
Is this condition deadly?
Generally, hernias are not a life threatening illness. There’s no immediate threat and you have to just be worried about the secondary issues which manifest as a result of this deformity. These notions become extra complicated with a Richter’s hernia. It is possible for part lumen to get killed while the adjacent stays intact. Dead parts become necrotic. Necrosis refers to the death of tissue on someone remaining alive. If not removed, it can kill you pretty abruptly. The nature of this disease makes it more difficult to identify, even confusing surgeons. A confused surgeon may fail to recognize death in the protrusion and simply push it back into place instead of cutting it out. This botched repair can lead to perforation and peritonitis if not caught in time. This sinister problem disguises as postoperative symptoms or hematomas. This delay can cost you your life as havoc takes its toll before recognition of advanced issues.What are the Richter’s hernia symptoms?
It is important you understand what it feels and looks like. More notable Richter’s hernia symptoms include swelling of the area and pain. If you are worried about complications following hernia surgery, immediate flulike symptoms (especially fever and the site being hot to the touch) are your best indications.How is this diagnosed?
After a physical examination, there are imaging techniques that allow your physician to visualize the without becoming invasive. Something like a sonograph (ultrasounds aren’t just for pregnancy people) can be implemented. Once this is done, a surgeon will help plan out the next step with you. This will probably require surgery to alter the anatomy of the site.What are the treatment options?
Early treatment is important so that you can avoid complications like sepsis or a ruptured hernia before diagnosis. The most common surgery would be hernia repair surgery. In this surgery, the patient is put to sleep and an incision is made to gain access to the site the hernia is located. Sometimes this is accomplished by exposing the internal organs to open air in a traditional manner or laparoscopy. In this less invasive technique, a miniature camera attached to tubing (laparoscope) is snaked into the flesh towards the affected region. Mini surgical tools are used by the experienced surgeon to perform the operation being only guided through the images received through the recording tool. In both approaches, the displaces tissue is inspected and fixed in its home cavity. Then, the site of the protrusion is patched up (either by sewing endings of the hole or implementing a mesh to literally function as a patch). If the tissue cannot be saved, two additional methods can be attempted. The first, resectioning, refers to slicing out the infected portion and piecing it back together with healthy tissues in the body. [RELATED] The second option is anastomosis. It’s when you connect healthy tissues like abridge (very similar to a resection). This is possible in tubular structures, like vessels or the loops of the intestines. Two sides being reconnected and using staples, sutures, or glue, it is called being anastomosed. Imagine taking sausages links and trying to create a Frankenstein creation. Cut out the rotten part and sew a consumable end of the sausage to another good end.
CPT Code information on Richter Hernia repair
Official medical codes are the most reliable and efficient way to obtain information on diagnoses and surgical procedures. Every single operation possible is assigned an official code. This assignment is used for systematic purposes and makes organizational things much smoother. The assigned string for Richter hernia repair varies as a function of the exact technique used or additional complications like incarceration or strangulation.Article References:
[post_title] => What is Richter Hernia: Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery and Recovery [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => what-is-richter-hernia-symptoms-treatment-surgery-and-recovery [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:19:53 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:53 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7378 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [1] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7376 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-28 09:19:47 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:47 [post_content] => Hernias are a rather prevalent concern in humans, especially newborns and adults. A human perineal hernia specifically involves the pelvic floor (perineum). The protrusion that bursts through the weakened floors may contain fluid or fat, or portions of the intestines, rectum, or bladder.
- http://gsm.utmck.edu/surgery/documents/AbdominalWallandAbdominalWallHernias.pdf
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1052444
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421226/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16536253
- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002231.htm
How dangerous is a perineal hernia in a human?
It can be difficult to differentiate between this and hemorrhoids. It is important to tell the difference as risks, treatments, and surgeries are very different.What are perineal hernia symptoms in humans?
Hernias are generally accompanied by a tender lump, pain, and discomfort at the site of the protrusion. The symptoms of a perineal hernia in humans have this swelling located near the anus. This can be experienced by men and women. [RELATED] You may notice the pain as you defecate or bend over. The main cause behind this occurrence in humans is surgery around this region of the body with sloppy reconstruction. Compromised rectal prolapse surgery can be to blame. This causes the insides to cave in a bit.What are the perineal hernia treatment options?
There are some things you can do to temporarily relieve the pains it’s associated with. Sadly, surgery is the only real option. In a majority of cases, a prosthetic mesh is needed to complete it. For the time being, this has come with a high rate of failures due to flaws in the anchoring techniques, but research is looking to improve it. A gluteus maximus muscle flap and acellular grafts from the human dermis and pig collagen are hoping to fix these numbers for rectal hernia surgery.
Is a perineal hernia in dogs possible?
Many diseases and conditions found in humans can be found in canines. The same is true for an anal hernia in dogs. A perineal hernia in dogs is not only a possibility, it is not uncommon! They have a similar enough structure to their internal bodies that it shouldn’t come as a surprise. It is most common in geriatric, intact males (old and not neutered). There is an innate predisposition to formation according to breed. Breeds of dogs most susceptible to this diagnosis are Boston Terriers, Boxers, Welsh Corgis, Pekingese, and Dachshunds. Because a dog can’t write a note and explain their problems, you will need to notice changes in behavior that indicate something is wrong. Coughing, refusing to eat (anorexia), excessive drooling, shortness of breath, and vomiting are all signs your pet doesn’t feel normal. Pets should be taken to their veterinarians when symptoms seem severe or don’t improve after a couple of days. It can be difficult to recognize an anal hernia in dogs as the rectal region is generally covered up.Are perineal hernia repair surgeries different in pets?
Whether you are operating on a man or a Pug, the ultimate goal of the procedure is the same. Obviously, you would take the pet to a veterinary surgeon for consultation and operation. There are slight changes in the anatomy and metabolic activities which must be considered when anesthetizing and performing surgery on a pet. Precautions must also be taken as the pet doesn’t have the conscious cognitive ability to adhere to restrictions following surgeries. Your canine companion doesn’t understand he can’t run around and play. They don’t know the dangers of salivating or chewing at stitches (in fact, it’s a natural defensive response to lick wounds).They don’t understand why they need medication or what happened. Consider viewing their knowledge and awareness of the event akin to if you put an infant through surgery -but then give them, even more, motor function and potentially larger sizes. Fitting a cone around their neck or making them wear some outfits can make disable them from reaching back and irritating the surgical site. Careful watch or preventative antibiotic interventions are possible in cases where redness and irritation indicate an early sign of infection. This is also why it’s important to address early as a ruptured hernia is a possibility for a hyperactive and stressed dog. Complications with dogs being administered anesthesia is a problem. Vets may encourage preanesthetic tests be carried out to determine if this is a viable option. The laboratory chemical analysis measures the function of the kidney, liver, and pancreas in addition to sugar levels, electrolytes, and overall blood health. The final complication of pet surgery is price. A vet visit is expensive, and unfortunately, when a veterinarian performs surgery, that cost rises. There are insurances which you can apply for in advance in case of future emergencies like this. Otherwise, the event can take a toll on your finances. There is no standardized bill so discuss this with the proper advisor.
Can other animals experience hernias?
The short answer is yes. Animals that have a physiological structure here can have the same problems. While their symptoms may manifest slightly differently or their risk factors may diverge from how we think about people, it’s not just Fido you need to worry about. [RELATED] Under the right circumstances, other household friends such as cats and horses can suffer from this malady.Animal models and hernias
The similarities between hernia expression between human beings and other mammals are quite big. A mammal with anatomically comparable features makes a great model organism for research improvements. In pharmacological regulations, this is a necessary step before human clinical trials and subsequent availability on the market. Some of the species which have been used in past publications were pigs, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. All experiments much meet certain demands which consider ethical standards and well as meeting a special degree of living. Experimentation has led to groundbreaking results in the field which have saved the lives of billions of people. It offers an option to explore treatment and surgical possibilities without forcing sick humans to undergo shaky treatments.Article References:
[post_title] => Perineal (anal) Hernia in Humans and Dogs: Symptoms, Treatment and Repair [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => perineal-anal-hernia-in-humans-and-dogs-symptoms-treatment-and-repair [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:19:47 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:47 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7376 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [2] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7380 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-28 09:19:30 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:30 [post_content] => When you think about a hernia, you likely think about that mass towards the groin region someone gets after they forgot to stretch or lift with their legs as with an inguinal hernia. In reality, there are invisible forms of this anomaly.
- https://www.healthline.com/health/thrombosed-hemorrhoid#causes
- https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-digestive-system/hernias
- http://www.pethealthnetwork.com/dog-health/dog-diseases-conditions-a-z/hernia-dogs
- http://www.vscvets.com/surgery/surgery-procedures/perineal-hernia
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608772/
What is the definition of an internal hernia?
By definition, an internal hernia resides inside. This means that you can’t notice it with the naked eye. The symptoms share many similarities with other diseases that it can get complicated.What are the symptoms of an internal hernia?
Without that lump, you need to rely on other clues. The most prominent clue would be general health. Symptoms of an internal hernia include fly like expressions like vomiting, nausea, fever, and general feelings of being unwell. Depending on the location of the hernia, impairments on vital functions may also act as an indication something is up. [RELATED] Irregular heartbeat or breathing are two such things. Signs of obstructions to organs are also a clear possibility beyond cardiac and respiratory distress. Obstructed bowels or intestines may manifest in the bathroom.Constipation or inability to pass a bowel movement are in reports. Other manifestations include stomach issues such as an upset tummy, acid reflux, or other gastrointestinal problems. When it comes to an abdominal hernia, the digestive system is likely affected.What are the causes of an internal hernia?
There are many reasons why one would experience a hernia. Environmental and biological factors both play a role in causing an internal hernia. Genetic defects leading to faulty wall strength which can make you predisposed to these. Disregarding congenital problems, influences from the environment can lead to acquisition. Internal strain, as well as medical history, are two examples. Those who underwent gastric bypass surgery are more likely to develop one.
How do you recognize an internal hernia?
With many other hernias, the defining trait is that external lump that lacks the characteristics of a tumor. Unfortunately, this is not observable with a physical examination alone. Radiology techniques will likely be incorporated to provide a solid diagnosis. These radiographic approaches would involve x rays and ultrasounds. These noninvasive imaging technologies will allow a trained radiologist or sonographer to examine the inside of a body without cutting you open. This is an important step as the similarities of the symptoms with endometriosis (disorder where the uterine lining (endometrium) grows outside of the uterus into ovaries, fallopian tubes, or inner pelvis) lead to a spiked rate of dangerous misdiagnosis in women. Internal bowel hernias and umbilical hernia remain some of the most misdiagnosed or undiagnosed.How dangerous is a strangulated internal hernia?
Hernias generally don’t pose an immediate threat to health. Strangulation is a deadly consequence of an untreated or unknown hernia. A strangulated internal hernia means that the protruded tissue get cut off. When strangled, it’s unable to receive vital nutrients and oxygen. Just as a person would choke to death with no hemoglobin transport. Lacking the delivery of packages of O molecules, the portion of tissue is starved and will die. In a process known as necrosis, this tissue dies. Think back to those scary pictures of mountain hikers whose frostbite turned black or a conjoined twin passed. If that tissue isn't removed, you perish. It will then poison your body with the toxins which can lead to your death as well.What is the internal hernia surgery like?
The only way to effectively deal with a hernia is to have surgery. Internal hernia surgery is similar to any other surgery. The operation will begin with you being knocked out with general anesthesia. Following your induced unconsciousness, the operation will begin. An incision will be made, with the size and location depending on the infected site as well as whether it will be an open surgery or done with a robot or camera (laparoscopy). From there the tissue will be exampled for damage (in case of a ruptured hernia) and, if all are healthy, pushed back into place through the hole it burst through. After being replaced, the tear will be addressed. It can either be traditionally sewn back together with stitches or patched up with a mesh. The mesh is sutured on like you would patch a hole on your tire or pool, acting as a prosthesis which covers the area to prevent contents from spilling out again. It is rather routine but doesn’t come without risk. This will be discussed with your surgeon prior to the event.
Does the surgery have any adverse effects?
Surgery is not an amazing this, but it is a necessary evil to combat certain conditions and save your life. Before you go under the knife, certain risks of undergoing the procedure will be explained to you. [RELATED] These are mainly routine risks which must legally be mentioned for the sake of liability. While most things can be disregarded as scary worst case scenarios, you do want to pay attention in case signs appear in you. Those who have hernias removed from the groin region sometimes suffer in the bedroom after surgery. Sexual satisfaction is not the only thing to be aware of. Bleeding after surgery could be a sign something has gone wrong. Mesh malfunction is sadly not uncommon, especially with older models and attaching techniques. If you become flushed or hot to the touch, this can indicate infection. Recurrent hernias are a possibility as once the wall has been weakened, you will be statistically more likely to experience hernias again. These factors will also impact your recovery time. To limit chances of encountering these, adhere to guidelines instructed by your surgeon. Limit strenuous activities and know of risks (find a way to handle chronic coughing or bowel strain). Being overweight or pregnant can also contribute to these side effects. Scarring is to be expected at the surgical site. Scar tissue will likely develop internally and externally. Special creams can reduce this but will not eliminate this.Article References:
[post_title] => Definition of Strangulated Internal Hernia: Symptoms, Causes, Surgery [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => definition-of-strangulated-internal-hernia-symptoms-causes-surgery [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:19:30 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:30 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7380 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [3] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7382 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-28 09:19:20 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:20 [post_content] => A hernia refers to the displacement of an organ when it’s squeezed through and protrudes from the wall which is responsible for containing it. Generally, organs will be incarcerated within a cavity with body tissues of varying strength. While incarceration is typically linked with a criminal locked in prison, the medical terminology is not so different.
- https://www.medicinenet.com/hernia_overview/article.htm
- https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.05.0644
- https://journals.lww.com/jaapa/Citation/2012/01000/An_internal_hernia_causes_abdominal_pain_and_small.8.aspx
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064401/
- https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-treatment
What is a hernia?
Certain parts of the body are responsible for forcing organs and other structures to keep positions. It would be harmful to you if you needed to be concerned your lung was going to slip or delicate tissues would be moved from behind their natural, protective shields. The more common hernias involved the intestine and the walls of the abdominal cavity forcing a tender bump to become visible on the groin or abdomen. They vary in severity in symptoms and some may not even feel pain or discomfort. They can be hiatus, incisional, or umbilical.How do you get one?
There are different reasons why one would encounter these. Mechanical outside reasons can be culprits behind formations. Incisional hernias specifically are caused by incompletely healed surgical wounds. Incisions made during an abdomen exploration, tummy tuck, or gallbladder surgery can lead to this. [RELATED] Due to the direction and location of the wound, it’s sometimes called a ventral hernia when positioned vertically. Surgical incisions can be weakened tissue conditionals like seroma hematoma, or infections. Activities which cause increased pressure to the abdomen, like chronic cough (like Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), constipation, urinary obstruction (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), constipation, urinary obstruction, pregnancy, or ascites (fluid buildup). If the cut was poorly sutured, it may also break and teat. They can also occur months after it bursts through scars. Risk factors also exist enhancing your chances of contracting hernias. These include smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, peritoneal dialysis (PD), collagen vascular disease, being pregnant, and previous open appendectomy (appendix removal) .Do you always need incisional hernia surgery?
You do not always need to go back under the knife after hernia formation. When symptoms are nonresistant, and it doesn’t interfere with your life in any manner. However, surgery for incisional hernia surgery is necessary. The incision needs to be touched up and the excessive scarring must be removed. Luckily, these surgeries are often minimally invasive.
How does incisional hernia repair surgery work?
The incisional hernia repair surgeries aim to patch up the damaged region and readjust the organ back in place. They aim to restructure insides, so they prevent future hernias as well. Laparoscopic repair using a tiny camera to watch the surgical site without the need to have you cut drastically open. Repairment of the damaged wall is accomplished by using surgical meshes. Following component separation, the wall is repaired with mesh (a special porous fabric). The material is strong and breathable, which will also prevent the need to repair recurrent episodes.Incisional hernia repair complications
All procedures come with some risks. Internal bleeding or failing to complete the procedure are two common complications of incisional hernia repair. If the operation is unsuccessful, you do run the risk of contracting an infection which can lead to an extended hospital stay or death. Normally, these treatments are relatively routine and are not dangerous. Prior to starting the surgery, the anesthesiologist or surgeon will also warn you about chances of reactions to the anesthesia or materials used.What is the incisional hernia surgery recovery like?
The incisional hernia surgery recovery will be different for everyone, but you should expect pain after the repair has been completed. You will be anesthetized for the duration of the surgery, so you don’t need to worry about feeling any pain during the event. When you awaken, you will feel some discomfort immediately and may still feel out of it or drowsy from the medication used to knock you out. Depending on the size and risk involved with your hernia, you may be asked to stay in the hospital for a couple of days or may require no inpatient hospitalization at all. After staying, adhere to some restrictions giving your body time to recover. [RELATED] You must stray away from lifting heavy weights or boxes, possibly taking time off of work. Even recreation and childcare must be restricted while you rest and get your body back in tip top shape. Lunging a kid around or rough housing may seem like sweet bonding but can ruin you. Even the most talented dancers or bodybuilders need to take a seat.Official description
The current procedural terminology (CPT) code regulations refer to a set of codes used to systematically organize medical things in a convenient list of string of digits. These are don’t to make research and analyses easier as well as to provide a uniform list of surgeries for insurance purposes. There are several different possibilities for hernia surgeries. These changes depending on a complete set of laparoscopy procedures, components involved, and different repairs which may be added (if it’s reducible or strangulated). It’s the job of the primary medical physician leading the venture to take care of this and provide you the proper paperwork you need for reimbursement, coverage, or general information. Generally, these surgeries are at least partially covered by insurance companies as a medical necessity. Sometimes, they are even a source of a malpractice lawsuit if there’s evidence that the negligence of the surgeon is to blame. The standard protocols are being revamped to maximize frequences of success and minimizing failures.
Article References:
[post_title] => Incisional Hernia Repair and Surgery: Complications, Recurrent, Recovery [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => incisional-hernia-repair-and-surgery-complications-recurrent-recovery [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:19:20 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:20 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7382 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [4] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7384 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-28 09:19:10 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:10 [post_content] => This is the technical term for the region of your body commonly known as the belly. It’s the area located directly between your thorax (chest) and pelvis (near your genitals). It contains your collection of digestive organs responsible for digesting food (breaking it down), filtering out harmful substances, and waste disposal transport.
- https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142334.php
- https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/hw170282
- https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/general-surgery/conditions/hernia/incisional-hernia
- https://www.cookmedical.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/RG_SUR_HRCRG_RE_2016011.pdf
What is the abdomen?
The organs which reside here include the kidney, liver, stomach, spleen, aorta, gall bladder, pancreas, and both the small and large intestines. The medical vernacular, or abdominal wall, refers to the layers of tissues which outline the boundaries for the abdominal cavity. Keeping residents within their living quarters is quite a job.What is an abdominal hernia
An abdominal hernia refers to the phenomena where one of these encased organs pops through a weak point in the abdominal wall. The most common occurrence is that a bit of the intestine sticks out a bit. Several different types of hernias including inguinal, hiatal, epigastric, perineal, sciatic, obturator, umbilical, and incisional are possible. [RELATED] While it can be difficult to visualize what’s happening anatomically while looking at a mirror, referring to images in medical texts may provide a good picture on what’s going on. Illustrations are a great informative reference for even the most squeamish patients. A professional and anatomically correct illustration will often negate any blood. Be aware these offer a simplified references. Health education programs are a great resource for easy access to these.What causes abdominal hernia?
There are a number of things that causes an abdominal hernia. Putting a lot of strain on your body (especially after surgeries of the abdominal region) can do this. Lifting packages that are too heavy or even a husky kid can be to blame. While being fit and pushing yourself at the gym can be a great way to manage your health, certain exercises can be dangerous if you’re risking surpassing your limits. Don't engage in reckless behaviors. Certain medical situations will also enhance your risk of developing a hernia. Being obese, pregnant, a smoker, or having some preexisting diseases may be to blame for your susceptibility.
Is there a gender disparity in prevalence?
There is a little discrepancy over gender differences with hernias as they vary as a function of type. Inguinal hernias are the most commonly diagnosed hernia. There are over a million hernia repairs performed each year and inguinal surgeries make up about 770,000 of these cases. About 90 percent of all inguinal procedures are done on males. There is little difference between the sexes and how they suffer, however, due to the type of pain and location, sometime a female will mistake symptoms from a hernia as PMSing or a part of pregnancy.What are abdominal hernia symptoms?
Although a woman may mistake signs as menstruation or cramps of gestation, overall there's virtually no difference between what sexes report. The symptoms of an abdominal hernia include pain and discomfort. Even if no observable bump is obvious, you may notice when you cough or bend over, a burning or aching sensation can be felt. These painful feelings should originate in the tummy region or (or inside) your groin. If you can see an apparent bulge, sensations may stem from that direct region.Optimal abdominal hernia treatments
There are times where watching and waiting are enough when no substantial interference is encountered. Abdominal hernia treatment may require that a surgical procedure be performed. If you do not experience any discomfort or pain, this may not be necessary. Still, make the final decision on how you will go about your treatment after you consult with a trained medical professional as their expert advice will often offer you the best possible decision. What you can do to prevent one from happening following surgery or from bulging out after they form while you await an operation. Using an abdominal binder or hernia belt are two such options. They are tight, adjustable, elastic bands which you place over your abdominal region which attempts to keep everything in place. When fitted properly, they are safe and often effective. Depending on your circumstance, they can be crucial and helping keep your postoperative bandages in place or allow for a nonmedical, temporary solution until you can visit a proper physician (or meet with your surgeon). They will never simply disappear on their own, but if they cause no symptoms and are relatively tiny, they may not need to be touched. To manage the pain, some painkillers have proven effective. Avoid any activity that strains the body and try to treat symptoms that would do the same. For example, treat that cough or constipation. Avoid strenuous activities that mean you must apply a lot of pressure to certain lifting activities. Relax and let your body heal. While it can be tempting (or hard not to) avoid restrictions and limitations implemented from your physician, they can make all the difference. [RELATED] Follow the care instructions provided by your doctor or surgeon following any surgical procedures. If you push yourself before your body is healed and ready, you may break it in it’s weakened state in a manner that was totally preventable.
ICD 10 code for abdominal hernia
The ICD 10 CM code used to categorize abdominal hernias is K46.9. This is specially labeled as unspecified abdominal hernia without obstruction or gangrene. Other codes of possible relation to this diagnosis would be those of K00 - K95 (diseases of the digestive system) and K40 - K46 (hernia). It can cover different types of hernias but just specifies the protrusion as originating from the abdominal cavity. It is also grouped with groups 393, 394, and 395.These categories overlap.Article References:
[post_title] => What is Abdominal Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and ICD 10 Code [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => what-is-abdominal-hernia-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-icd-10-code [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:19:10 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:19:10 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7384 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [5] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7386 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-28 09:18:59 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:18:59 [post_content] => Aside from technical differences, one of the main differences between a pulled abdominal muscle and hernia is that the latter will not go away. A muscle pull refers to when you damage muscles by putting undue strain. You can do this by abruptly lifting weights or running without warming up before.
- https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview
- https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586997/
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547
- https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/K00-K95/K40-K46/K46-/K46.9
Telling the difference between a pulled abdominal muscle and a hernia
On a physiological level, it is normally the muscle fibers tearing and possible ripping up small blood vessels with it (why you may experience bruising or local bleeding). You may feel weakness or see redness and swelling. A hernia may also be a reflection of improper lifting or exercise. These require invasive treatments rather than some relaxation.Treating a pulled muscle
Generally, symptoms associated with a pulled muscle will dissipate in around 24 hours using home remedies. applying heat or cold to the affected region (using a hot water bottle, heating pad, ice, or cold compress) is great at addressing the discomfort and bringing inflammation down. [RELATED] In desperation, a frozen bag of peas wrapped in an old towel can do the trick. Try relaxing for the day and possibly taking some over the counter (OTC) pain medications will also be sufficient. refrain from straining the area until it feels healed. The pharmacist at your local Walgreens, CVS, or Rite Aid can assist you. Finding the best positions to lie in can be a godsend. This can be difficult with some jobs. If you work in construction, fitness training, stocking, nursing, bodybuilding, mining, sailing, shipping, dancing, or carpentry, you may be more at risk.Signs of abdominal hernia
The signs of an abdominal (ventral) hernia will not disappear after a day or two of waiting. You will feel this discomfort consistently once it occurs, especially when the area is strained or pressure is applied to it. activities such as breathing, evacuating your bowels, or urinating may cause the region to become tender or irritated. You may notice a bulge forming at the site of pain. alternatively, you may recognize a small lump but feel nothing out of the ordinary. Certain circumstances and occupations will increase your risk of contraction. While they are, overall, more common in men and older individuals, pregnancy being a factor increases chances in otherwise healthy women. smoking, weight, medical history, and preexisting conditions are also a component.
Abdominal hernia types
hernias don’t just appear in the abdomen, but this is a commonly affected area . intestines, or other digestive organs or tissues, bursting through the tissue of the abdominal wall are the most commonly reported and operated on. Within this category, several different abdominal hernia types exist. They vary as a function of position, direction, severity, and origin. incisional refers to the hernia formations due to protrusion through a surgical site. This can be due to doctor incompetency or strain undergone when the healing region was still weak.Upper abdominal hernia
epigastric and hiatal hernias are often behind abdominal hernia formation. The former, actually, refers to fat being pinched in the area near your umbilicus and sternum. The hiatal hernia refers to when the top part of your stomach is pinched into the anterior of the abdominal wall (hiatus referring to the opening where the food passes through the esophagus before connecting to the stomach).Lower abdominal hernia
Femoral, umbilical, and inguinal hernias are likely being lower abdominal hernia appearances in the absence of past surgeries. The latter is the most commonly diagnosed form of hernias and is overwhelmingly prevalent in male cases. These will manifest as bulges on the groin, upper thighs, or even near the belly button. You may just feel an uneasy pressure or heaviness that is out of place. You may experience no pain at all. A femoral can be misleading as the lump may seem as you can push it back in or it disappears when you lie down. This is a rather uncommon diagnosis.
Treating an abdominal hernia
Abdominal hernias don’t miraculously disappear. Unlike a blemish or even a broken bone, they are not something you can just fix with some time, a cast, and tlc. There are certain products that aim to keep them in place and prevent bulging from occurring, but you can’t just pinch or poke the protruding tissues back into the cavity. [RELATED] A hole has been made and an organ has been displaced. Changing this will require a repair surgery. Repairment consists of a medical procedure in which the displaced organs are pushed back where they belong and a mesh is used to cover the wound and prevent it from reoccurring. The recovery time will vary as a function to the size, severity, and personal fitness. Regardless, you will be advised to steer clear of heavy lifting or extensive exercise until you are fully recovered. While awaiting procedure, you can wear one of several support belts which bind your abdomen in efforts to keep tissues in place. Again, this is not cured but it can alleviate discomfort and prevent advancement while you await an operation or doctor visit. When you visit the doctor, they will conduct several different examinations to determine the problem. After giving you the diagnosis and offering a cpt code, they’ll be able to tell you what insurance companies can offer you and you can continue from there. In the absence of pain and discomfort, some cases will require no operations at all. They can become worse and physicians may insist on repairs in order to prevent complications or worsening.Article References:
[post_title] => Pulled Abdominal Muscle or Hernia? Signs, Upper and Lower Types [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => pulled-abdominal-muscle-or-hernia-signs-upper-and-lower-types [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:18:59 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:18:59 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7386 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [6] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7318 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-28 09:18:38 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:18:38 [post_content] => Whilst miniature inguinal hernias not causing pain or uncomfortable sensations aren’t typically cause for concern, the vast majority will need to be treated eventually. If hernias are left for prolonged periods of time without proper medical intervention and care, sinister consequences can occur – some could even be life threatening. Surgical repair procedures are largely required to solve a hernia, with differing processes offered dependent on insurance and personal circumstance. The average cost of hernia repair surgery often frightens many people, and some may even opt against accepting surgery in an attempt to save money. However, masses of support is available if you know where to look, and inguinal hernia surgical operations probably aren’t as expensive as you’d assume for both male and female bodies.
- https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/hernias-of-the-abdominal-wall
- https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/education/patient%20ed/ventral_hernia.ashx
- https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-basics
- https://www.medicinenet.com/hernia_overview/article.htm
- https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.256055018
What is Inguinal Hernia Surgery?
An inguinal hernia is defined as a sector of tissue (usually intestinal) that’s managed to protrude itself through a muscle weakness within the abdominal wall. This typically creates a bulge-like structure and can cause pain during certain strenuous activities. More commonly associated with men, inguinal hernias can occur in women too and are generally found situated in the groin. [RELATED] Consequently, inguinal hernia surgery involves a professional surgeon carefully pushing the protruding tissue back through and safely strengthening the weakness to ensure it doesn’t recur. A keyhole surgery technique known as a laparoscopy is commonly used as it’s less invasive, but open hernia surgery may be warranted in marginally more severe cases.How Much Does Inguinal Hernia Surgery Cost?
With an estimated 800,000 hernia repair procedures being carried out in the USA alone every single year, it’s a relatively common operation for individuals to undergo. Giving a concrete answer to ‘how much does inguinal hernia surgery cost’ is very challenging as multiple factors can cause costings to fluctuate. Prices will heavily depend on your personalized insurance plan, the hospital the procedure is orchestrated and the surgeon responsible. However, the accustomed average figure for inguinal hernia surgery sits at approximately $7,750, but prices can extend to over $12,000 in certain cases. Better still, some US-based procedures have been found to cost as little as just over $3000, meaning state of residence is likely to play a considerable role.
How Long is Inguinal Hernia Surgery Recovery Time?
Heavily dependent on whether you undergo keyhole or open procedures, inguinal hernia surgery recovery time considerably varies. Due to the less invasive nature of a laparoscopy, most people can return to the workplace and usual daily activities in just a few days post operation. This process typically involves a surgeon making roughly 5 small incisions within the abdominal site and conducting the entire procedure internally without creating an open wound. An ultrasound will probably be administered beforehand so the surgeon can identify the exact location of the hernia. Therefore, recovering from 5 minor incisions is relatively quick and hassle-free. However, open surgery may be required if the hernia is in a particularly awkward position or notably large in size. A full recovery is likely to take 6-8 weeks, with many recovery time exercise regimes to be avoided. Don’t hit the gym as you’ll likely cause more harm to your body than good! Follow all aftercare instructions provided, and be sure to consult your doctor if you encounter any issues.How Long Does Swelling Last After Inguinal Hernia Surgery?
Due to the fact many patients are permitted to return home on the same day, it’s unlikely you’ll notice swelling forthwith – but don’t get complacent. Swelling and bruising will probably arise within 2-4 days after the procedure has taken place, leaving many confused individuals left confused asking ‘how long does swelling last after inguinal hernia surgery’? Luckily, uncomfortable swollen areas shouldn’t persist for longer than 2 weeks, meaning you’ll be able to begin returning to light activity without experiencing too much discomfort. But if swelling is seemingly getting worse with no sign of improvement after 14 days, seek professional advice.
Do’s and Don’ts After Inguinal Hernia Surgery
Everyone is different, meaning recovery times and feelings will considerably vary between individuals. However, it’s vital to closely adhere to every single aftercare prompt you receive as disobeying your recovery plan could wreak havoc on your body. [RELATED] Many common do’s and don’ts after inguinal hernia surgery involve completely avoid strenuous exercise at all costs until a comprehensive recovery is made – even if you feel your body can handle it. The operation site needs time to heal before being strained, and you could risk tearing open the original muscle weakness if careless. Resting and recuperating is paramount.Inguinal Hernia Surgery Complications
Many hernia repair procedures go smoothly and don’t incur any complexities. However, it’s important to be aware that certain inguinal hernia surgery complications could potentially occur with the occasional chance your hernia may return. Those over the age of 50 are at greater risk, and if possessing another long-term illness certain precautions may have to be taken. Trapped nerves may cause numbness and tingly sensations, and you may experience an unwanted fluid build-up within the gap your hernia was protruding into. Luckily, this tends to disappear on its own without requiring further treatment.Article References:
[post_title] => Inguinal Hernia Surgery: Cost, Recovery Time, Complications, Do’s & Don’ts [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => inguinal-hernia-surgery-cost-recovery-time-complications-dos-donts [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-28 09:18:38 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-28 09:18:38 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7318 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [7] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7321 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-26 12:22:31 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-26 12:22:31 [post_content] => Regarded as the most prevalent form of hernia worldwide, an inguinal hernia affects many individuals - both men and women. Whilst initially seeming a scary condition when originally diagnosed, they’re not typically considered dangerous from the outset. However, inguinal hernias won’t miraculously disappear on their own and can develop into a potentially deadly condition if left untreated for extended time periods. So to learn more about the definition of an inguinal hernia with corresponding images for increased insight, read right till the end of this article.
- https://www.medtronic.com/uk-en/patients/conditions/hernia.html
- https://www.sharecare.com/health/hernia/why-inguinal-common-men
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4216173/
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17967-hernia-repair-surgery
- https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-an-ultrasound#1
What is an Inguinal Hernia?
With roughly 70% of all occurring hernias diagnosed as inguinal, being aware of what an inguinal hernia is can potentially save a lot of time and worry in the long-run if you develop symptoms. Being able to recognize something’s awry and visit your doctor quickly will increase chance of faster treatment. [RELATED] In basic terms, an inguinal hernia occurs when a portion of tissue pushes through a muscle weakness within the abdominal wall. Typically present within the groin and lower abdomen, a bulge is created and will be more noticeable during particular actions or activities. For example, something as simple as lifting or even coughing can cause your hernia to exhibit feelings of pain and generally feel very uncomfortable. A testicular hernia is a prime example of an inguinal hernia, but they can also arise within females too.Inguinal Hernia Symptoms
Conveniently, inguinal hernia symptoms are relatively universal across many cases and are relatively easy to spot provided you know what to search for. A characteristic bulge is one of the most obvious signs, typically appearing within the pubic bone location. As mentioned, strenuous bodily behaviors including coughing or wheezing are likely to emphasize the bulge and make it more visibly apparent. Further symptoms including a dull ache surrounding the bulged patch, a swollen scrotum within men and some sufferers report a disconcerting heavy sensation spreading throughout their entire groin. Whilst less common, inguinal hernias can occur in young children as a consequence of a birth defect. If born with an existing abdominal weakness as a baby, a congenital hernia will likely be apparent at birth. Symptoms will be similar to adults but often less noticeable due to the small stature of infants. However, the mechanisms of crying and even pushing during a bowel movement may render the bulge more apparent.
Inguinal Hernia Causes
Whilst almost all inguinal hernias in babies are caused by defective abdominal weaknesses at birth, the array of inguinal hernia causes probable in adulthood are more widespread. Already existing abdominal weaknesses are likely to contribute, in addition to chronic periods of ongoing straining, sneezing or coughing, excessive exercise that’s routinely strenuous and even pregnancy. There’s also a range of characteristics that can increase one’s risk of developing a hernia, many being utterly out of the individual’s control. For example, certain people are simply more genetically likely to develop this condition if their family has a strong recurrent inguinal hernia history. Premature birth, increased age and simply being Caucasian have all demonstrated a greater link. However, don’t panic if any such risk factors apply to you as it certainly doesn’t mean you’re automatically destined to suffer a hernia! Plenty of individuals relating to such characteristics don’t develop them at all, but it’s always positive to be aware of possible risks if any adverse symptoms appear to arise within your groin or stomach.Inguinal Hernia Diagnosis
It’s important to remember that just because you may detect a lump or bulge within your groin, this doesn’t mean it’s guaranteed to be a hernia. Bodily bumps can occur for all manner of different reasons, meaning you must visit a doctor to receive confirmed diagnosis. Provided you’re seemingly healthy and don’t suffer any other severe medical ailments, you’ll likely undergo a basic physical examination upon consultation. You may be asked to stand and feign coughing to increase the doctor’s chances of spotting any present bulge, but if certain inguinal hernia ICD 10 diagnosis remains unobtainable you may be sent for an MRI or CT scan.
Inguinal Hernia Treatment
If your hernia is pretty small in size and isn’t causing any degree of discomfort, medical professionals will likely suggest regular observation as opposed to jumping straight into operational treatment. As mentioned, newly diagnosed hernias aren’t usually considered immediately dangerous – they only become worrisome if left untreated for extended periods of time and cause subsequent complications like becoming incarcerated. [RELATED] However, if treatment is required there’s two general forms that follow today’s current CPT code for hernia repair. A procedure referred to as a laparoscopy is generally preferred, as it’s less invasive and typically boasts faster recovery time with minimal scarring. This involves a miniscule camera (laparoscope) being inserted into the abdomen via incision. Using the camera as a visual aid, a surgeon will use equally tiny instruments to solve the hernia by reinforcing the area with synthetic mesh. The second type of surgery is known as open repair, and generally warrants greater recovery time. Considered a more serious procedure, risk of nerve entrapment is slightly elevated. General anaesthetic is commonly required, and a surgeon will manually return the exposed tissue back into the abdomen via an open incision into the groin. Mesh as a reinforce will also be used, yet multiple weeks of resting may be necessary to fully resume normal daily activities.Article References:
[post_title] => What is an Inguinal Hernia: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => what-is-an-inguinal-hernia-diagnosis-symptoms-causes-treatment [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-26 12:22:31 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-26 12:22:31 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7321 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [8] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7323 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-26 12:22:23 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-26 12:22:23 [post_content] => With many people, particularly males, developing inguinal hernias throughout life, they’re not considered a rare or complex condition. In fact, they’re relatively simple to treat via surgery provided no dangerous complications have unexpectedly arisen. With the rate of recurrence pretty low too, a hernia is arguably one of the least worrisome lumps to be found within the body. However, inguinal hernias can’t be blanketed into one sole category. There’s a vast array of types that can occur, with some being more concerning than others. So, if you suspect you have a hernia and seek more intelligence, keep reading to discover the most common forms.
- https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-basics
- https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/hydroceles-and-inguinal-hernia
- https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hernia.html
- https://www.healthline.com/health/ct-scan-vs-mri
- https://www.medscape.com/answers/149608-121756/what-is-an-incarcerated-hernia
General Types of Inguinal Hernia
Whilst the word ‘hernia’ can relate to mass topics, we’re solely focusing on inguinal hernias in this article. As a general rule of thumb, inguinal hernias can be categorized into the following themes and locations: left, right, direct, indirect, bilateral and unilateral. [RELATED] Having a professional examine your hernia and provide confirmed diagnosis is crucial to ensure you receive the most appropriate treatment, as certain types of inguinal hernia aren’t massively compatible with keyhole procedures.Direct Inguinal Hernia
Typically occurring in elder men, a direct inguinal hernia isn’t particularly common in women – but it can occur in rarer cases. Defined as a strain-based hernia and thought to slowly develop over a specific time period, direct inguinal hernias emerge as a result of consistent straining and strenuous activity involving recurrent movements. Easily treatable with surgery, specialized mesh types can be used to reinforce and strengthen the weakness once the responsible tissue has been restored back to its original location. Most commonly appearing within the male groin or scrotal areas, a hernia of this nature is unlikely to appear in teenagers or children.
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
A total contrast to the earlier discussed direct option, an indirect inguinal hernia is completely unavoidable. This is because it’s a result of an abdominal wall birth defect, with mothers clearly having no control over this development as her fetus is growing. Indirect inguinal hernias are usually detected during a baby’s first year outside the womb, but can be a little difficult as they’re routinely tricky to see beneath outer fleshy fat cells unless an infant is coughing or producing a bowel movement.Bilateral Inguinal Hernia
Due to the name, it’s pretty straightforward to guess the definition of a bilateral inguinal hernia. Essentially a pair of hernias occurring on both sides of the groin, you may experience sharp pain in two locations as opposed to one if developing this condition without receiving treatment.How Does a Unilateral Inguinal Hernia Differ?
You’ve probably assumed as opposed to a bilateral hernia a unilateral inguinal hernia only involves one spot? Well you’d be absolutely right! Occurring in one sole place within the groin or lower abdomen, a unilateral hernia is typically considered lightly easier to treat than other types due to its simple location.Left Inguinal Hernia
Pretty self explanatory akin to the earlier discussed unilateral and bilateral types, a left inguinal hernia is simply a hernia occurring on the left hand side. Able to occur in both males and females, a left hernia isn’t considered anymore complex or worrying than other kinds.Are Right Inguinal Hernias More Common?
Regarding this condition, there’s a prevalent stereotype that right inguinal hernias are more commonplace among men than those on the left. And many studies have shown this to be true! Experts are still debating the root cause of why this phenomenon may occur, but the general consensus concludes that a typically lower right sided testicle within males could be the reason.
Strangulated Inguinal Hernia
Thus far, we’ve discussed the relatively harmless forms of hernia provided they receive appropriate treatment and are monitored regularly. However, it would be naïve to assume all types of this condition render zero danger as this is simply not the truth. Considered an urgent medical issue requiring rapid treatment, a strangulated inguinal hernia occurs when the overall blood supply to the hernia tissue in question has been terminated. For example, if an intestinal hernia becomes strangulated, the entire blood source to the intestines and abdomen will be blocked. [RELATED] It’s no secret this is incredibly serious, and all doctors will urgently refer you for treatment should you present strangulated symptoms as there’s no chance it will be self healing over time. If left to fester without being tended to, hernias of this type can emit deadly infections and toxins directly into the bloodstream imaginably causing harmful blood disorders – including sepsis. An obvious first symptom to look out for is a noticeable bulge within the abdomen that’s visible within a resting position. A regular inguinal hernia is typically not seen unless standing up or engaging in straining activities, so if the hernia is incredibly paramount beneath the skin it could have become strangulated. Other imperative signs include feverish chills, excruciating pain from the hernia site occurring without warning, changes in skin tone and texture around the hernia, debilitating constipation and even a rapidly increasing heart rate in particularly severe cases. Due to the sinister nature of this hernia, many diagnostics are completed in an emergency room and surgery should quickly follow.Article References:
[post_title] => Types of Inguinal Hernia: Left, Right, Direct, Indirect, Bilateral & Unilateral [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => types-of-inguinal-hernia-left-right-direct-indirect-bilateral-unilateral [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2019-05-26 12:22:23 [post_modified_gmt] => 2019-05-26 12:22:23 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://skinanswer.com/?p=7323 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [9] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 7154 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2019-05-26 12:22:08 [post_date_gmt] => 2019-05-26 12:22:08 [post_content] => Any time you have to undergo a surgical procedure, whether for appendicitis, gallbladder removal, hysterectomy, cesarian section, fistula repair, gastric bypass, stoma placement, colon/rectal, spleen, or cancerous tumor removal, you stand a significant risk of developing a bulge either on or close to the incision. In fact, up to 33 percent stand just such a gamble. It is considered one of the dominant causes of complications.
- https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/inguinal-hernia#1
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743919113000873
- https://www.mydr.com.au/womens-health/laparoscopy
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inguinal-hernia
- https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-symptoms
Understanding What is an Incisional Hernia
Cutting through your abdomen means slicing not only through the layers of skin but also the muscle to get to the peritoneal cavity. Although the body forms scar tissue to repair itself it is just like when you patch a flat tire. [RELATED] The weakness remains. When wondering what is an incisional hernia, you just have to think about the weakened patched rubber of the tire? Eventually, the fragile surface separates and forms a bulge as the stomach, intestines, or bowel protrude. Many women suffer this after hysterectomy or c section.Wondering What Does an Incisional Hernia Feel Like?
When you stand in an upright position with your backbone straight and your shoulders back, you should be able to look down and see a lump. The lump manifests not only as a result of abdominal surgery scarring but also if you lift up something heavy that puts pressure on the fragile region. If you are wondering what does an incisional hernia feel like then you realize that you could experience pain or have no discomfort. Also known as a ventral hernia, it goes not heal on its own. You will require medical care.
What is Incisional Hernia Symptoms
You’ll notice a protuberance at first as one of the main signs. The occurrence might take place three to six months after surgery. As the weeks or months pass other incisional hernia symptoms might be disclosed.
- Redness coupled with a burn-like sensation on the site of the excrescence.
- Pain that becomes worse when squatting or bending
- Discomfort while lifting heavy things
- Severe constipation
- Signs of infection such as fever, malaise, chills, sweating, aches
- Vomiting
What are Incisional Hernia Causes?
The weakened area and the development of scar tissue are the primary causes. However, other incisional hernia causes include substantial weight gain, pregnancy, weight lifting, and strenuous activity especially during the window of healing. Thankfully, unlike other hernias, the odds of the location becoming incarcerated are slim.Finding Out the Truth About the Hernia
Your primary care physician will have a firm idea of what is wrong when he sees your stomach up close. However, before a treatment plan can be drafted and implemented you will order further tests:- Ultrasound
- MRI Imaging
- Urinalysis
- Chest x-ray to ascertain the lungs are clear
- Electrocardiogram (seeking arrhythmias, dysrhythmias, or palpitations)
- Lung Function (spirometry)
- Blood Panel Workup (CBC, Prothrombin Time, Basic Metabolic Rate, Hemoglobin A1C,
- Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Glucose, Potassium, White Blood Count, Measure the Amount of Sodium and Electrolytes)
- CT scan with dye contrast. The computerized tomography renders wonderful cross-section views. This is a good way to foretell the complications of the upcoming operation.
What are Incisional Hernia Treatment Options

What Happens After Surgery?
You should only be in the hospital a day or two. Most can walk immediately following the procedure. It takes three weeks before you feel tiptop and can return to daily life. [RELATED] Even then you should limit the weight you lift. Even with laproscopic surgery it is suggested that you take a week or two vacations to recoverSurgical Skills Required for Abdominal Surgeries
Initially, you might not think about the skills of your surgeon, but if you want to prevent an incisional hernia, then you must do your research. The sewing technique employed matters when performing abdominal surgery. Nowadays, most surgical teams abstain from making on large incision down the middle because of the risk factors. In the old days, during a c-section, this was a common incision until the incidences of incisional hernias skyrocketed and now they make a smiling formation close to the pelvic bone.Billing and Coding for Insurance
You have probably racked up a stack of bills for your insurance company. If you have any doubts about the codes, then call the hospital to discuss what all the jargon means. An icd 10 code refers to the condition and any additional numbers reflect the specifics. You can look up some of the codes on Google search engine, at the community library, or university.Article References:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395550/
- https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hernias/incisional-hernia
- https://www.medstarwashington.org/our-services/surgery/conditions/hernia/incisional-hernia/
- https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/general-surgery/conditions/hernia/incisional-hernia
- https://www.lincolnsurgical.com/abdominal-surgery
What is Femoral Hernia Repair?
Surgery is imperative because, unlike other hernias, this form stands a good chance of viscus strangulation with mortality. Your gastrointestinal surgeon has three options for incisional access. One of the most frequently utilized techniques is McEvedy’s high approach. [RELATED] There is also Lockwood’s infra-inguinal method. In addition, Lotheissen’s trans-inguinal incision might also be commonly performed for the femoral hernia repair. The McVey method was once preferred but does not hold the hernia returns. Presently, Lockwood’s strategy is superb for uncomplicated surgeries. Laparoscopic repair is less invasive.Undergoing Femoral Hernia Surgery
You are probably nervous and apprehensive about undergoing any surgical procedure. Femoral hernia surgery is especially mortifying. Here are a few things you can expect. Anesthesia choices: The night before you will meet with an anesthesiologist who will explain if he plans on using general which puts you completely to sleep and you must be intubated or a regional such as a spinal block. With a subarachnoid block (intradural) an anesthetic mixed with an opioid is injected straight into your spin’s subarachnoid region. They insert a fine needle which measures 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) in length. The medication is released directly into the spinal cord. They leave a catheter in place to continue administering medications. You will be numb from the waist down to your toes. This the same method used by obstetricians to perform a cesarean. The anesthesiologist will continue to monitor your heart rate, pulse, and oxygen levels. Headaches may occur after the spinal. Incision: An incision is sliced in the groin. Removal of excess tissue is common. With his fingertips, the surgeon carefully pushes the bowel back up into its proper location. The weakened muscles are sutured suture shut with stitches or mesh for superior reinforcement. The entire incision is then sealed.
Are There Any Femoral Hernia Surgery Complications?
Seniors are always at risk during surgery. Femoral hernia surgery complications are rare but they do occur, especially in seniors and individuals of advanced age.- Scar tissue forms a lump under the wound which can be felt with the fingers or is visible with the naked eye. For women, this lump is bothersome if wearing intimate apparel or swimwear.
- Also, the lump can rub against the inner thighs while walking, jogging, or biking to form an oozing sore or rash.
- The bowel could become traumatized, bruised, or accidentally nicked.
- All surgeries can cause temporary or permanent nerve damage. Both men and women fear pelvic numbness and tingling because it can have a horrific effect on their sex life. Men may suffer impotency or be unable to ejaculate. A woman may be able to achieve an orgasm. Urinary incontinence is reported.
What are the Femoral Hernia Repair Complications?
You might think you have achieved a home run and now all you have to do is mend. There is only a brief interval of convalescence. Sadly, sometimes healing doesn’t go smooth. Femoral hernia repair complications can occur.- Some have a lifelong difficulty passing urine due to scar tissue or nerve damage.
- Femoral vein becomes injured or narrows which causes a lack of sufficient blood flow to the extremities.
- Weakness in the leg which may be temporary or ongoing.
- Nerve damage which causes you to suffer constant pain in the pubic area and areas of complete and total numbness
- Erectile dysfunction
- Testicular discomfort
Is There Femoral Hernia Treatment Without Surgery?
You have been diagnosed with a femoral hernia and now you are looking for options. Sadly, there is no femoral hernia treatment without surgery. [RELATED] You are actually putting your life in danger because the hernia could become strangled at any moment and you would suffer rapid necropsy which leads to permanent damage or possible death. It is imperative that you pick a surgical technique and go forward with the operation. Do not delay.Insurance and Billing
The surgery is over and you are home recuperating. The mailman just drove up to the mailbox and delivered your letters and paper bills. You are less than thrilled when you tear open the envelope and start reading the charges. At first, you might be baffled by the codes. Nothing says anything in plain English. Instead, it is a mixture of letters and numbers that depict various procedures. You’ll see a cpt code which has a number that stands for if you underwent laparoscopic surgery or some other therapy. ICD 10 typically stands for a hernia. If you have any questions about your statement, then you should call the hospital’s head billing director to discuss the charges or errors.Article References:
- https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/femoral-hernia-repair/what-happens/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789711/
- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007399.htm
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866176/#b2
Understanding What is a Femoral Hernia
Within your inner thigh is a muscle wall. In most people, it is firm, but occasionally there is a weak spot where the inner thigh meets up with the groin. The weak area allows organs from the abdominal cavity to drop (via the classic law of gravity) and bulge. Although, in many circumstances, there is no bulge because what remains of the thigh muscle hides the small pocket. You might only find out you have the oddity when you experience excruciating pain because of the organ becoming strangulated in the constrictive hole anatomy. The incarcerated intestine can quickly decay and form gangrene if you do not seek immediate help. [RELATED] Theories about what is a femoral hernia and its causes:- Extreme obesity
- Genetics
- Straining while exercising
- Pushing too hard to defecate or urinate. (men with swollen prostrate, often strain to urinate at the urinal. The combination of straining and gravitational pull results in the obscure condition)
- Old age
- Excessive smoker's cough from cigarettes or COPD
- Pushing excess weight such as an automobile, trailer, wheelbarrow, shopping carts, lawnmower, edger, weedeater, wheelchair, or stroller.
- Lifting too much weight
What are the Femoral Hernia Symptoms femoral hernia symptoms

- Horrifying pain
- Stomach pain
- Nausea
- Intense vomiting
- Dizziness
- Inability to walk
Understanding the Signs of a Femoral Hernia
The lifetime breakdown of the occurrence of a standard, common groin hernia between the sexes is that up to 43 percent occur in men and only 6 percent in women. The male to female ratio breakdown is calculated at 10 to 1 with the fellas coming out on top every time. However, when it comes to the signs of a femoral hernia, then the prize goes to the ladies. Guys rarely suffer from femoral hernias, and when they do it often has to do with a prostate problem like enlargement or cancer. Older women who are post-menopausal often suffer from the highest percentage. The risk of incarceration or strangulation is extreme with this condition. When the bowel or the intestines slip into the cavity, they become obstructed and it is a life-or-death situation. The signs of a femoral hernia are sneaky, especially if you are fat. Please examine the pictures.Coping With a Femoral Hernia Treatment femoral hernia treatment

Common Femoral Hernia Recovery Time
Recovery time is prolonged. Many take a full six weeks before they are back on their feet and living a normal life. A few people can return to light-duty in two or three weeks but must remain vigilant to not overdo it. Following surgery, you want to avoid constipation. You will need to take a laxative and try to slowly increase your fiber consumption. Perhaps use over-the-counter fiber powders. You want your stool to be smooth, well-formed, and easy to pass so you do not strain to put pressure on your incision. [RELATED] Fibrous foods to enjoy and regulate your bowel movements during your recovery include:- Chia seed
- Lentils
- Flax
- Split peas
- Avocados
- Hemp protein
- Popcorn
- Bananas
- Pistachios
- Prunes
- Carrots
- Sweet potato
- Barley
- Quinoa
- Turnips
- Brown rice
- Edamame
- Parsnips
- Okra
- Fig
- Peanuts
- Parsnips
- Oatmeal
- Raspberries
- Walnuts
- Blackberries
- Kidney beans
Article References:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503390/
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324118.php
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/#
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/#
Sports Hernia Surgery
Jerry Gilmore is a highly renowned and respected London surgeon who revolutionized the Gilmore's groin surgery repair. He founded the Gilmore Groin and Hernia Clinic which is located at 108 Harley Street. The center offers on-site x-ray with optional ultrasound scanning facilities for rapid assessment and complete diagnosis. Sports greats from around the world have visited to weigh sports hernia treatment and surgery. Dr. Gilmore’s reputation is impeccable. He first treated Tottenham Hotspur. His approach and definition of a hockey hernia made other orthopedic specialists sit-up and take notice. [RELATED] A hockey groin or sports hernia is:- Ripped conjoined tendon
- Dehiscence located directly between the tendon with the conjoined inguinal ligament
- When the conjoined tendon abruptly tears from the pubic tubercle.
- Detached external oblique aponeurosis
What is the Sports Hernia Recovery Time?

Exploring Sports Hernia Treatment
There is no silver bullet that denotes the perfect treatment. Everyone is an individual. What works well for others might fail for your unique situation. Athletes often turn to aquatic swimming to slowly heal. The kicking of the legs against the aquatic resistance is considered beneficial, especially when combined with the buoyancy of the water. It is almost like you are a sailboat skimming the water’s surface with each kick slowly working your groan whole offering support. The low-impact takes the pressure off your tendons, bones, and muscles and is becoming a viable sports hernia treatment.Various Sports Hernia Exercises
The cost of sports surgery is in the thousands and that does not even factor into recovery time. You aren’t earning any dollars if you cannot function. It doesn’t take very long to go bankrupt. You might want to explore natural or holistic treatment options before you undergo surgery if the charges will not be covered by a third-party. Try a lower body mobility regime to relieve tightness and create fluidity. These include the following integral sports hernia exercises:- Classic hip bridge
- Use a ball for adduction
- The one-legged reaching deadlift
- Holding psoas
- Doggy legs
- Rollout the abs
- Side levers with bent legs
- Crunches using a bosu ball
- Vacuum through inhalation abdominal suck and hold
- The sitting stretch of the groin
- Lunge combination with stretch
- Gentle side bends that include stretching and rotation
Exploring Alternative Treatments
For thousands of years, Chinese practitioners have performed healing and relief by inserting very thin needles into key points on the body. It is frequently used by professional players to relieve fatigue, bouts of tendonitis, hernia discomfort. Inflammation, ligament strains, and bruising. [RELATED] Most associate acupuncture only with China and the Ming Dynasty, but archeologists have uncovered proof that they used it as far back the Stone age. Japan is credited with helping introduce the practice worldwide. Especially, after President Nixon first learned about it and promoted the methods in the USA. The extraction of medicinal properties found in herbs and plants is another option. Powdered herbs, balms, ointments, and lotions or combined with physiotherapy to promote whole-body recovery. The herbs are firmly massaged into the body to increase the body’s blood flow.Electric Stimulation Repair

Article References:
- https://intermountainhealthcare.org/services/orthopedics/services/hip/sports-hernia/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273884/
- https://biomedj.org/healthy-living/chinese-medicine-treating-sports-hernias/
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/electrical-stimulation-2696122
Understanding What is Sports Hernia?
The term athletic pubalgia, is not just a single injury but a spectrum of problems that are all related pathologic conditions that occur as a direct result of musculotendinous injuries. The answer to the question, ‘What is a sports hernia’ is not clear-cut. There is a definite instability in the pubic symphysis, but there is no actual inguinal hernia. [RELATED] Most physicians refer to large-field-of-view MRI to access the severity of the situation. They can narrow down the region of the complaint plus delineating the situation to underscore the severity of the injury. To find specific pathologic conditions, the physician should have a very detailed understanding of the anatomy. Please see the pictures.Understanding Sports Hernia Diagnosis

Using Sports Hernia Treatment Exercises. Sports hernia treatment exercises
An athlete exhibiting signs of groin injury should undergo a period of non-surgical treatment. Non-narcotic analgesics such as acetaminophen and nonsteroidal meds can be used if the player plans to exercises and stay on the field. Corticosteroid injections often enable the player to complete the contract while undergoing sports hernia treatment exercises. Many question the effectiveness of the injections. In the off-season, surgical treatments might be considered.Nonsurgical Physical Therapy

Surgical Treatment Options
Surgical treatment is an effective option for Gilmore’s groin. Many seek it out first.Pain of the Athletic Pubalgia
The hallmark of any sports injury is a pain. As many as 18 percents of all athletes experience sharp groin pain. [RELATED] Other symptoms include:- Sharp pain that feels like a knife has been jammed into the groin occurs when the athlete tries kicking, sprinting, running, pivoting, or twisting.
- Pain is also experienced whenever you try to sit up from a prone position.
- The sharp pain reaches deep into the inner thigh.
- Often only one side of the groin experiences discomfort.
- There is no pain when laying in bed or asleep
- The region feels tender to the touch or pressure
- The lower abdominal area may also hurt if you press on it.
- Experience pain when bearing down.
What Can be Done to Ease the Groin Pain?
If you are in pain, then you are probably seeking solace and relief. Here are a few tricks that can ease your discomfort.- Icing Combined with Compression: Using ice cubes in a pack and also consider compression.
- Stretching: Exercises to stretch the muscles in a goal to improve flexibility.
- Manual therapy: Try hands-on stretching.
- Return-to-sports drills: Depending on your sport of choice, you will need to focus on preparing your body. Light running, leg movements, core stretching, and hip swivels are beneficial.
- Strengthening: Hip and core strengthening
Article References:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931344/
- https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.285075217#R4
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931344/#bibr4-1941738114523557
- https://www.moveforwardpt.com/SymptomsConditionsDetail.aspx?cid=b6f21623-ecb5-41a6-9774-8d48711075d9
Is it a Pulled Groin or Hernia?
Were you playing soccer or hockey? Then the odds are good you have suffered a groin pull or strain. This happens when you push yourself too hard, you swivel your hips on the field like you think you are the king Elvis Presley. Sure you are wondering is it a pulled groin or hernia? [RELATED] They can both be sore, tender, ache, and hurt like heck. The difference is that a hernia is an actual tear or opening that allows fat or organs to protrude, but a pulled groin is just a muscle that has been overextended.Understanding Groin Pull or Hernia Symptoms
A hernia creates chronic ache and pain unless the area becomes strangulated. The groin pull was sudden and intense. Here are a few tips to help in your understanding groin pull or hernia symptoms. Both male and female sufferers report the same symptoms:- Pain along the inside of the thigh and the groin region
- Discomfort when you bring your legs together. You feel like you are pinching something.
- It hurts when you try to raise your knee
- You felt something similar to popping or snapping sensation when you sustained the injury followed by mind-numbing pain.
What are the Symptoms of a Groin Hernia?
Are you still confused and seeking answers? You are wondering what are the symptoms of a groin hernia?- You feel a noticeable bulge that is located on either side within the groin area around the pubic bone.
- You can feel the bulge when standing upright
- If you cough or strain the lump becomes protrudes even more.
- You have pain when you bend over or try to lift something heavy. Hefty hay, kitty litter, garbage bags, or dog food is impossible without discomfort.
- There is a heavy sensation weighing down your pelvis. It feels like it is dragging with every step you take or when you stand up.
- Your testicles might exhibit swelling around each ball or there could be a lump in the scrotum from the intestine intruding into your private neither region.
Understanding What Causes Hernia in Groin

- Pressure in the abdomen from fat, fluid, pregnancy, or a tumor.
- Excessive straining to defecate.
- A weak spot in the muscles.
- Straining during urination (especially if a man has a swollen prostate or cancer of the gland which constricts the flow of urine through the urethra and takes extra pushing and muscle straining to maintain a stream.
- Chronic coughing from a cold, pneumonia, COPD, or lung cancer.
Hernia Location in Males and Females
In a man, the inguinal canal is the location of the spermatic cord and where it descends into the scrotum. If are wondering what is a woman’s inguinal canal, then you’ll be surprised that it also plays a role in the sex organs. Women also have an inguinal canal that holds a ligament that securely keeps the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries in place.Surgery for a Hernia
They often require surgical repair. The method is open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. Small hernias rarely require surgery but are simply monitored for changes. If the bulge continues to enlarge or causes extensive discomfort, then surgery is a necessity.Treating a Groin Strain
You must stop overdoing. Common treatment protocol: [RELATED] Ice the thigh to control swelling and alleviate pain. You should do it for at least 20 to 30 minutes. Repeat the process every three or four hours and continue with the dedication for two to three days. When not icing, wear a compression, elastic bandage, or sports take on the damaged area. Even pressure helps. Use anti-inflammatory painkillers: Take NSAIDs to reduce the burgeoning protrusion. Ibuprofen works well. Care should always be taken with naproxen not to use too much which can wreak havoc on your gastrointestinal system causing bleeding and colitis. Most doctors balk at providing narcotics for pain and there is always the chance of developing an addiction and physical dependence on the pharmaceuticals. Physical therapy with a qualified therapist is ideal. You might have to use crutches if it hurts too badly. However, once you start physical therapy, you will achieve a greater range of motion. Aquatic (water) aerobics, whirlpool submersion, ultrasound, traction, electrical stimulation (ESTIM), and swimming are ideal.Article References:
- https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sports-hernia-athletic-pubalgia
- https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/groin-pull#2
- https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/inguinal-hernia#1
- https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2633918
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547
What is the Richter hernia definition?
Beyond that, it separates parts of our body to where they belong. This prevents one section from impeding on the function or health of another. Sadly, this doesn’t always stick. The walls which encase these cavities sometimes become weak. When this occurs, they can wear away and break. The weakened tissue can also be a result of prior surgery or a general birth defect. [RELATED] This occurrence can happen in many ways, defined by what's protruding and what's burst. The definition of a Richter hernia is the instance when the antimesenteric wall of the intestines breaks through the abdominal wall. This is the portion of the small intestine lying opposite of the mesenteric borders.What’s so special about this?

Is this condition deadly?
Generally, hernias are not a life threatening illness. There’s no immediate threat and you have to just be worried about the secondary issues which manifest as a result of this deformity. These notions become extra complicated with a Richter’s hernia. It is possible for part lumen to get killed while the adjacent stays intact. Dead parts become necrotic. Necrosis refers to the death of tissue on someone remaining alive. If not removed, it can kill you pretty abruptly. The nature of this disease makes it more difficult to identify, even confusing surgeons. A confused surgeon may fail to recognize death in the protrusion and simply push it back into place instead of cutting it out. This botched repair can lead to perforation and peritonitis if not caught in time. This sinister problem disguises as postoperative symptoms or hematomas. This delay can cost you your life as havoc takes its toll before recognition of advanced issues.What are the Richter’s hernia symptoms?
It is important you understand what it feels and looks like. More notable Richter’s hernia symptoms include swelling of the area and pain. If you are worried about complications following hernia surgery, immediate flulike symptoms (especially fever and the site being hot to the touch) are your best indications.How is this diagnosed?
After a physical examination, there are imaging techniques that allow your physician to visualize the without becoming invasive. Something like a sonograph (ultrasounds aren’t just for pregnancy people) can be implemented. Once this is done, a surgeon will help plan out the next step with you. This will probably require surgery to alter the anatomy of the site.What are the treatment options?

CPT Code information on Richter Hernia repair
Official medical codes are the most reliable and efficient way to obtain information on diagnoses and surgical procedures. Every single operation possible is assigned an official code. This assignment is used for systematic purposes and makes organizational things much smoother. The assigned string for Richter hernia repair varies as a function of the exact technique used or additional complications like incarceration or strangulation.Article References:
- http://gsm.utmck.edu/surgery/documents/AbdominalWallandAbdominalWallHernias.pdf
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1052444
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421226/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16536253
- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002231.htm
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